I. Chapter 10. Axial Musculature

A. Major (Superficial) Skeletal Muscles of the Body (Fig 10.1, 10.2)

1. Muscles of the Head: Facial Expression (Fig 10.3, 10.4a, 10.4c, Table 10.1)

Name	Origin		Insertion		Action
(Occipito)Frontalis (frontal belly)	Epicranial Aponeurosis (Galea aponeurotica)		Skin of eyebrows		Raise eyebrows
Corrugator supercillii	Arch of frontal bone		Skin of eyebrows		Draw eyebrows together
Orbicularis oculi	Medial margin of orbit		Eyelid		Blinking and squinty – close eye
Zygomaticus (major & minor)	Zygomatic bone		Corners of mouth		Raise lateral corners of mouth - smile
Risorius	Lateral fascia of masseter		Angle of mouth		Move corner of lip laterally; laugh
Orbicularis oris	Maxillae & mandible		Muscle/skin at mouth angle		Close & purse lips; kissing m.
Mentalis	Incisive Fossa of Mandible		Skin of chin		Protrude lower lip
Platysma	Fascia over pecs/deltoid		Lover margin of mandible		Depress mandible

2. Muscles of the Head: Mastication (Table 10.3, Fig 10.6)

Name	Origin	Insertion	Action
Masseter	Zygomatic arch	Angle/ramus of mandible	Elevate mandible
Temporalis	Temporal fossa	Coronoid process of mandible	Elevate and retract mandible
Medial pterygoid	Pterygoid proc of sphenoid, maxilla	Medial mandible	Lateral mandible movements
Lateral pterygoid	Greater wing of sphenoid	Mandibular condyle	Protrude mandible

3. Muscles of the Head: Tongue (Table 10.4, Fig 10.8)

Name	Origin	Insertion	Action
Genioglossus	Interior medial mandible	Inferior body of tongue, hyoid	Depress & protrude tongue
Hyoglossus	Body & greater horn of hyoid	Inferolateral tongue	Depress & retract tongue

4. Muscles of Anterior Neck and Throat (Table 10.6, Fig 10.10, 10.11)

Name	Origin	Insertion	Action
Digastric	Ant: lower mandible Pos: mastoid of temp	Hyoid bone	Depress mandible or elevate hyoid
Stylohyoid	Styloid proc temporal	Hyoid	Elevate and retract hyoid
Mylohyoid	Med surf of mandible	Hyoid	Elevate hyoid, floor of mouth
Sternohyoid	Manubrium/clavicle	Lower hyoid	Depress larynx & hyoid
Sternothyroid	Dorsal surf of manubrium	Thyroid cartilage of larynx	Depress larynx & hyoid
Omohyoid	Central tendon: clavicle	Sup belly: hyoid Inf belly: sup marg of scapula	Depress hyoid (and larynx)
Thyrohyoid	Thyroid cart of larynx	Hyoid	Depress hyoid, elevate larynx
Sternocleidomastoid	Manubrium and clavicle	Temporal mastoid process	Neck flexion (together); pivot head separately

5. Muscles of Neck and Vertebral Column (Table 10.7, Fig 10.12a, 10.12c)

Name	Origin	Insertion	Action
Scalenes	Trans process of C2-7	First two ribs	Elevate ribs
Splenius capitis	Ligamentum nuchae	Mastoid of temporal and occipital	Extend head
Erector Spinae
Iliocostalis (lumborum, thoracis, cervicis)	L: iliac crests T: inf 6 ribs C: ribs 3-6	Angles of ribs, trans proc of C4-6	Extend and/or laterally flex vertebral col
Longissimus (Thoracis,Cerv,Cap)	Vert trans processes	T,Ceerv: :vert tran proc,ribs C:mastoid of temp b.	L,T: extend, laterally flex vert col C: extend head, turn to one side
Spinalis (Thoracis,Cerv)	Spinous proc T9-L5	Spines of T7-C4	C: Extend neck T:Extend vertebral column
Semispinalis (Thoracis,Cerv,Cap)	Trans proc of C7-T12	T/Cerv:Vert spin proc Cap: occipital	Extend vert col, head

6. Muscles of the Thorax & Abdominal Wall (Table 10.8, Fig 10.13, 10.14)

Name	Origin	Insertion	Action
External intercostals	Inf border of upper rib	Sup border of lower rib	Elevate rib cage
Internal intercostals	Sup border of lower rib	Inf border of upper rib	Depress rib cage
Diaphragm	Inf border of rib cage	Central tendon	Inspiration
Rectus abdominis	Pubic crest	Costal cart of R5-7, xiphoid process	Flex lumbar region of vert column
External oblique	Outer surf of R5-12	Linea alba	Flex vert column, compress abdom wall
Internal oblique	Lumbodorsal fascia, iliac crest	Linea alba, pubic crest, last 3 ribs	Flex vert column, compress abdom wall
Transversus abdominus	Inguinal ligament, lumbodorsal fascia	Linea alba, pubic crest	Compress abdomen

7. Muscles of the Pelvic Floor & Perineum (Table 10.9, Fig 10.15a, 10.15b)

Name	Origin	Insertion	Action
Nada